Lilium (Lily Flower)
Section Leucolirion
Section Daurolirion
"Lily", "Lilies", and "Lilium" redirect here. For other uses, see Lily (disambiguation), Lilies (disambiguation), and Lilium (disambiguation).
| Lilium | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Flora Lilium bulbiferum ssp. croceum | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Liliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Lilioideae |
| Genus: | Lilium L. |
Lilium is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large, prominent flowers. They comprise a genus of about 110 species in the lily familyLiliaceae. Most species are native to the temperate northern hemisphere, though their range extends into the northern subtropics.
Lilies form an important group of flowering garden plants and are important in culture and literature in much of the world. A few species are sometimes grown or harvested for the edible bulbs.
The species in genus Lilium are true lilies. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, some of which are quite unrelated to true lilies.
Range
The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland andepiphytes are known in southeast Asia (including L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Botany
Lilies are leafy stemmed herbs. They form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs which are their overwintering organs. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are deeply buried, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
Most cool temperate species are dormant in winter. Most species are deciduous, but a few species (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei) bear a basal rosette of leaves during dormancy.
The large flowers have six tepals. They are often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring or summer flowering.
Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
Taxonomy
Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber,species acceptance follows World Checklist of Liliaceae,the taxonomy of sectionPseudolirium is from the Flora of North America,the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007,the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section Archelirion follows Nishikawa et al.as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis andFritillaria.
Section Martagon
 | Lilium distichum | ||
 | Lilium hansonii | ||
 | Lilium martagon | Martagon or Turk's cap lily | |
 | Lilium medeoloides | ||
 | Lilium tsingtauense | ||
.jpg) | Lilium debile | var. of L. medeoloides |
Section Pseudolirium
 | Lilium bolanderi | Bolander's Lily | |
 | Lilium columbianum | Columbia Lily or Tiger Lily | |
 | Lilium humboldtii | Humboldt's lily | |
 | Lilium kelloggii | ||
 | Lilium rubescens | ||
 | Lilium washingtonianum | Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily | |
 | Lilium kelleyanum | ||
 | Lilium maritimum | ||
 | Lilium occidentale | ||
 | Lilium pardalinum | Panther or Leopard lily | |
 | Lilium parryi | ||
 | Lilium parvum | Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily | |
 | Lilium canadense | Canada Lily or Meadow Lily | |
 | Lilium puberulum | ||
 | Lilium grayi | ||
 | Lilium iridollae | ||
 | Lilium michiganense | Michigan Lily | |
 | Lilium michauxii | Carolina Lily | |
 | Lilium pyrophilum | Sandhills Lily | |
 | Lilium superbum | Swamp lily or American tiger lily | |
 | Lilium catesbaei | ||
 | Lilium philadelphicum | Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily |
Section Liriotypus
 | Lilium bulbiferum | Orange Lily or Fire Lily |
 | Lilium candidum | Madonna lily |
 | Lilium chalcedonicum | |
 | Lilium kesselringianum | |
 | Lilium ledebourii | |
.jpg) | Lilium szovitsianum | |
 | Lilium monadelphum | |
 | Lilium pyrenaicum | |
 | Lilium rhodopeum | |
 | Lilium akkusianum | |
 | Lilium bosniacum | |
 | Lilium carniolicum | |
.jpg) | Lilium ciliatum | |
 | Lilium pomponium | Turban lily |
 | Lilium ponticum | |
 | Lilium jankae | |
 | Lilium albanicum | |
 | Lilium polyphyllum |
Section Archelirion
 | Lilium auratum | Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily | |
 | Lilium platyphyllum | ||
 | Lilium brownii | ||
.jpg) | Lilium japonicum | ||
| Lilium nobilissimum | |||
 | Lilium rubellum | ||
 | Lilium speciosum | Japanese lily |
Section Sinomartagon
 | Lilium davidii | |
 | Lilium duchartrei | |
 | Lilium henryi | Tiger Lily or Henry's lily |
 | Lilium lancifolium | Tiger Lily |
 | Lilium lankongense | |
 | Lilium leichtlinii | |
| Lilium papilliferum | ||
 | Lilium rosthornii | |
 | Lilium amabile | |
 | Lilium callosum | |
 | Lilium cernuum | |
 | Lilium concolor | Morning Star Lily |
 | Lilium fargesii | |
_1.JPG) | Lilium pumilum | Coral Lily, Low Lily, or Siberian Lily |
| Lilium xanthellum | ||
| Lilium amoenum | ||
| Lilium bakerianum | ||
| Lilium henrici | ||
| Lilium lijiangense | ||
 | Lilium lophophorum | |
 | Lilium mackliniae | Siroi Lily |
 | Lilium nanum Photo by Karl Kristensen | |
.jpg) | Lilium nepalense | |
| Lilium oxypetalum | ||
| Lilium paradoxum | ||
| Lilium primulinum | ||
| Lilium sempervivoideum | ||
| Lilium sherriffiae | ||
| Lilium souliei | ||
| Lilium stewartianum | ||
| Lilium taliense | ||
 | Lilium wardii | |
| Lilium arboricola | ||
| Lilium anhuiense | ||
| Lilium brevistylum | ||
 | Lilium habaense | |
| Lilium huidongense | ||
| Lilium jinfushanense | ||
| Lilium matangense | ||
| Lilium pinifolium | ||
| Lilium saccatum | ||
| Lilium tianschanicum | ||
 | Lilium poilanei | |
| Lilium floridum | ||
| Lilium medogense |
 | Lilium leucanthum | |
| Lilium puerense | ||
 | Lilium regale | |
 | Lilium sargentiae | |
 | Lilium sulphureum | |
 | Lilium formosanum | |
.JPG) | Lilium longiflorum | Easter Lily |
 | Lilium philippinense | |
 | Lilium wallichianum | |
 | Lilium wenshanense |
 | Lilium pensylvanicum |
 | Lilium maculatum |
Uses
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum form important cut flower crops. These may be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (Chinese: 百合 干; pinyin:bǎihé gān) and Lilium davidii var unicolor cotton are grown on a large scale in China as a luxury or health food, and are most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller. Yuri-ne (lily-root) is also common in Japanese cuisine, especially as an ingredient of chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard).
The "lily" flower buds known as jīnzhēn (金针, "golden needles") in Chinese cuisine are actually from the daylily Hemerocallis fulva. This plant – despite its looks – is actually more closely related to asparagusthan to true lilies.
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun-bar.
Cultivation
Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in Autumn or Winter. However, young pot-grown plants are also available in Spring. They are best planted in a south-facing, slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except L. candidum which should be planted at the surface). Lilies have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. Some varieties prefer a slighty acid soil, others slightly alkaline. Therefore a soil ph of around 6.5 is generally safe. The soil should be well-drained, and plants must be kept watered during the growing season. Some plants have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads may need staking.
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
- 'Grand cru'
- 'King Pete'
- 'Pink perfection'
Classification of garden forms
Numerous forms, mostly hybrids are grown for the garden. They vary according to their parent species, and are classified in the following broad groups;
- Asiatic hybrids (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
- Martagon hybrids (Division II). These are based on L. martagon and L. hansonii. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
- Candidum hybrids (Division III). This includes hybrids of L. candidum with several other mostly European species.
- American hybrids (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from L. pardalinum. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
- Longiflorum hybrids (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
- Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with L. henryi). This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including L. regale and L. aurelianse. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
- Oriental hybrids (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of L. auratum and L. speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including L nobilissimum, L rubellum, L alexandrae, and L japonicum. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as Stargazers because they appear to look upwards. For the specific 'Stargazer' hybrid, see Lilium "Stargazer".
- Other hybrids (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
- Species (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
- Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as in vitro pollination, ovary culture and embryo rescue.
Pests & diseases
Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage in parts of Southern England - the brilliant scarlet adult insects can often be found on the stems and leaves. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers. Brown spots on damp leaves may signal botrytis (also known as lily disease). Various fungal and viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth.
Propagation and growth
Lilies can be propagated in several ways;
- by division of the bulbs
- by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
- by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
- by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
- by micropropagation techniques;commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into salable sized plants
Names
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek λείριον, leírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily.The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) hleri, from standard hreri, from Demotic hrry, from Egyptian hrṛt "flower". Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Greeks also used the word κρῖνον, krīnon, albeit for non-white, false lilies.
Toxicology
Many varieties of lily are extremely toxic to cats, causing acute renal failure even in small amounts. This is particularly true in the case of Easter lily plants, though other Lilium and the related Hemerocalliscan also cause the same symptoms.
Source : wikipedia.org
posted : Wiji Astutik
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